Multi-objective cooperative QEA for low-carbon time dependent vehicle routing problem with simultaneous delivery and pickup

Emissions reduction has been a hot issue. This paper concerns a Low-Carbon Time Dependent Vehicle Routing Problem with Simultaneous Delivery and Pickup (LTDVRPSDP) in which the time dependent travel speed is variable depending on the time of travel. And a mixed integer linear program model is developed for this optimisation problem which aims at two objectives of minimising travel times and carbon emissions at the same time. To calculate the carbon emissions the relation of carbon emissions and travel speeds is found. A Multiobjective Cooperative Quantum Evolutionary Algorithm (MCQEA) is proposed for this NP-hard problem. In the MCQEA, co-evolutionary strategy of optimal solution preservation and two subpopulation cooperation co-evolution is adopted. Results of simulation and comparison show that the established model is valid and the MCQEA is effective for this problem.